Everything about Venustiano Carranza totally explained
For the delegación (borough) of the same name in Mexico City, please see:
Venustiano Carranza, D.F.
Venustiano Carranza Garza (
December 29 1859 –
May 21 1920) was one of the leaders of the
Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became
President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the
current constitution of
Mexico was drafted.He ultimately became the last President of the Revolution/Civil war era.
Biography
Carranza was born in the town of
Cuatro Ciénegas, in the state of
Coahuila, to a middle-class
cattle-ranching family. His father,
Jesús Carranza, had been a
colonel in the army of
Benito Juárez and a staunch supporter of Juárez's
liberal party.
He studied at the
Ateneo Fuente in
Saltillo. In
1874 he went to the
Escuela Nacional Preparatoria in
Mexico City.
Venustiano Carranza was an early supporter of
Francisco I. Madero's efforts to overthrow the
Porfirio Díaz dictatorship, and when Madero formed his revolutionary cabinet he appointed Carranza Secretary of War and of the Navy. After
Victoriano Huerta's overthrow of the Madero regime, Carranza under the "Plan de Guadalupe" became the leader in the opposition revolt against Huerta. Carranza's forces were known as the Constitutionalist Army, as he advocated reinstatement of the liberal
Constitution of 1857.
Also under the "Plan de Guadalupe" Carranza took charge of the executive branch on
May 1 1915. He introduced an independent
judiciary, greater decentralization of power, and
land reform under the
ejido system. Carranza was a man of great intelligence with wide knowledge of Mexican conditions and history. He was strongly built, wore round glasses and a large grey beard, giving him the appearance of a benevolent father figure.
In September
1916 Carranza saw the need for a new Constitution and called for a Constitutional convention. On
March 11 1917 Venustiano Carranza was elected the first president under the new
Mexican Constitution of 1917.
Fighting continued with factions who wouldn't accept Carranza's rule, ranging from reactionary landowners and conservative
Catholics to the forces of
Emiliano Zapata and
Francisco Villa for whom Carranza's reforms were too modest. Carranza ordered a bounty put on Zapata's head, leading to Zapata's assassination.
As his presidential term drew to a close, he supported a civilian
Ignacio Bonillas as a candidate against General
Álvaro Obregón for the following presidential elections.
This earned him the resentment of the military and of some fellow revolutionaries, including Obregón,
Plutarco Elías Calles, and
Adolfo de la Huerta, who rebelled against Carranza's government. On
April 8 1920, a campaign aide to Obregon attempted to assassinate Carranza. After the failed attempt, Carranza was forced to flee
Mexico City.
He set out towards
Veracruz but was betrayed and
assassinated in
Tlaxcalantongo in the
Sierra Norte of Puebla by the forces of General
Rodolfo Herrero, supporter of Carranza's former allies, on
May 21,
1920.
According to General Francisco L. Urquizo, Carranza's last words were: "Licenciado, ya me rompieron una pierna" which translates as "Lawyer, they've already broken one of my legs". (Carranza was referring to his partner, Licenciado Aguirre Berlanga, when he was ambushed and shot).
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